The telegraph system is the first fully digital communication system. Thus the Internet has precursors, such as the telegraph system, that date back to the 19th century, more than a century before the digital Internet became widely used in the second half of the 1990s. The concept of data communication – transmitting data between two different places, connected via some kind of electromagnetic medium, such as radio or an electrical wire – predates the introduction of the first computers. Such communication systems were typically limited to point to point communication between two end devices. Telegraph systems and telex machines can be considered early precursors of this kind of communication. Fundamental theoretical work in data transmission and information theory was developed by Claude Shannon, Harry Nyquist, and Ralph Hartley, during the early 20th century.
In October 1962,
Licklider was hired by Jack Ruina as Director of the newly established Information Processing
Techniques Office (IPTO) within DARPA, with a mandate to interconnect the United States Department of Defense's
main computers at Cheyenne Mountain, the Pentagon, and SAC HQ. There he formed
an informal group within DARPA to further computer research. began with the
development of electronic computers in the 1950s. The public was first
introduced to the concepts that would lead to the Internet when a
message was sent over the ARPANet from computer science Professor Leonard Kleinrock's
laboratory at University of California, Los
Angeles (UCLA),
after the second piece of network equipment was installed at Stanford Research Institute (SRI).
Packet
switched networks such as ARPANET, Mark I
at NPL in the UK, CYCLADES, Merit
Network, Tymnet,
and Telenet, were
developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s using a variety of protocols. The ARPANET in particular led to
the development of protocols for internetworking,
in which multiple separate networks could be joined together into a network of
networks.
In 1982, the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) was
standardized, and consequently, the concept of a world-wide network of
interconnected TCP/IP networks, called the Internet, was introduced. Access to
the ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when the National Science Foundation (NSF)
developed the Computer
Science Network (CSNET) and again in 1986 when NSFNET provided
access to supercomputer sites in the United States from research
and education organizations. Commercial Internet service providers (ISPs) began
to emerge in the late 1980s and early 1990s.
The Internet began to penetrate Asia in the late 1980s. Japan, which had built the UUCP-based network JUNET in 1984, connected to NSFNET in 1989. It hosted the annual meeting of the Internet Society, INET'92, in Kobe. Singapore developed TECHNET in 1990, and Thailand gained a global Internet connection between Chulalongkorn University and UUNET in 1992
Since the
mid-1990s, the Internet has had a revolutionary impact on culture and commerce,
including the rise of near-instant communication by electronic mail, instant
messaging, Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)
"phone calls", two-way interactive video calls, and the World
Wide Web with its discussion forums, blogs, social
networking, and online shopping sites. The research and education
community continues to develop and use advanced networks such as NSF's very high speed Backbone
Network Service (vBNS), Internet2, and National LambdaRail.
However, the
point to point communication model was limited, as it did not allow for direct
communication between any two arbitrary systems; a physical link was necessary.
The technology was also deemed as inherently unsafe for strategic and military
use, because there were no alternative paths for the communication in case of
an enemy attack.
As the Internet
grew through the 1980s and early 1990s, many people realized the increasing
need to be able to find and organize files and information. Projects such as Archie, Gopher,
WAIS, and the FTP Archive list
attempted to create ways to organize distributed data. In the early 1990s,
Gopher, invented by Mark P. McCahill offered a viable alternative to
the World
Wide Web. However, by the mid-1990s it became clear that Gopher and the
other projects fell short in being able to accommodate all the existing data
types and in being able to grow without bottlenecks.
Mosaic was eventually superseded in 1994 by Andreessen's Netscape Navigator, which replaced Mosaic as the world's most popular browser. While it held this title for some time, eventually competition from Internet Explorer and a variety of other browsers almost completely displaced it. Another important event held on January 11, 1994, was The Superhighway Summit at UCLA's Royce Hall. This was the "first public conference bringing together all of the major industry, government and academic leaders in the field [and] also began the national dialogue about the Information Superhighway and its implications."
24 Hours in Cyberspace, "the largest one-day online event" (February 8, 1996) up to that date, took place on the then-active website, cyber24.com.[94][95] It was headed by photographer Rick Smolan. A photographic exhibition was unveiled at the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History on January 23, 1997, featuring 70 photos from the project
As the Web grew, search engines and Web directories were created to track pages on the Web and allow people to find things. The first full-text Web search engine was WebCrawler in 1994. Before WebCrawler, only Web page titles were searched. Another early search engine, Lycos, was created in 1993 as a university project, and was the first to achieve commercial success. During the late 1990s, both Web directories and Web search engines were popular—Yahoo! (founded 1994) and Altavista (founded 1995) were the respective industry leaders. By August 2001, the directory model had begun to give way to search engines, tracking the rise of Google (founded 1998), which had developed new approaches to relevancy ranking. Directory features, while still commonly available, became after-thoughts to search engines.
Some concerns have been raised over the historiography of the Internet's development. The process of digitization represents a twofold challenge both for historiography in general and, in particular, for historical communication research. Specifically that it is hard to find documentation of much of the Internet's development, for several reasons, including a lack of centralized documentation for much of the early developments that led to the Internet.
In the aftermath of the dot-com bubble, telecommunications companies had a great deal of overcapacity as many Internet business clients went bust. That, plus ongoing investment in local cell infrastructure kept connectivity charges low, and helping to make high-speed Internet connectivity more affordable. During this time, a handful of companies found success developing business models that helped make the World Wide Web a more compelling experience. These include airline booking sites, Google's search engine and its profitable approach to simplified, keyword-based advertising, as well as ebay's do-it-yourself auction site and Amazon.com's online department store.
This new era also begot social networking websites, such as MySpace and Facebook, which, though unpopular at first, very rapidly gained acceptance in becoming a major part of youth culture.
Crunet Internet Service (now) “Computers R-US” from Dresden Tennessee started offering
::::dial-up service in the in Palmersville in 1999 – 2004 CRU Enterprises, Inc. 361 Morrow St.
Dreseden, TN 38225 731.364.2436 Crunet.com
Dreseden, TN 38225 731.364.2436 Crunet.com
Frontier
started serving the Palmersville area offering D.S.L in 2003 in some areas .
Frontier Commutations is now offering Internet through a satellite dish service
for areas with where limited D.S.L. capabilities
Dish Network offers a similar package to the
Palmersville through Satellite service as well.
THATS ALL FOLKS
KEEP ON HACKING AWAY IN PALMERSVILLE
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